The Development and Validation of a One Tier Diagnostic Assessment to Test Premedical Students\u27 Misconceptions about Traumatic Brain Injury

Since brain injury is common in the United States, it is important for health professionals and the public to have accurate knowledge about traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding misconceptions is important for health educators, nurses, and physicians, who work with TBI patients. While previous studies on misconceptions about TBI have been undertaken, these have not focused on pre-medical students, nor utilized validated assessments. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a one tier diagnostic test with a confidence index to determine premedical students\u27 misconceptions about TBI. Using the theoretical framework suggested by Treagust (1986, 1988, and 1995), we developed and validated the Traumatic Brain Injury Knowledge Test (TBIKT) in two phases. The pilot trial, which was an open-ended assessment, had a total of 20 items and 37 participants. This open-ended assessment, along with the literature review, helped in constructing the final multiple choice assessment. The TBIKT (Appendix A) had 43 items with an additional item about students\u27 source of knowledge about TBI. Applying Classical Test Theory and an internal consistency definition for reliability to data from 38 participants, we found that the TBIKT can provide reliable and valid measures of students\u27 knowledge and misconceptions about TBI. Students showed misconceptions in identifying physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms of TBI. This study also identified several misconceptions about TBI such as it is likely a TBI patient may wake up from the coma without any lasting effects , a TBI patient needs to take rest all of the time, even a little physical exercise may be harmful , and the patient can be completely cured if enough neurons are recruited to take over the loss of the damaged ones . Validity evidence and limitations of the TBIKT are discussed and suggestions for future studies are included

The Development and Validation of a One Tier Diagnostic Assessment to Test Premedical Students\u27 Misconceptions about Traumatic Brain Injury

Since brain injury is common in the United States, it is important for health professionals and the public to have accurate knowledge about traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding misconceptions is important for health educators, nurses, and physicians, who work with TBI patients. While previous studies on misconceptions about TBI have been undertaken, these have not focused on pre-medical students, nor utilized validated assessments. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a one tier diagnostic test with a confidence index to determine premedical students\u27 misconceptions about TBI. Using the theoretical framework suggested by Treagust (1986, 1988, and 1995), we developed and validated the Traumatic Brain Injury Knowledge Test (TBIKT) in two phases. The pilot trial, which was an open-ended assessment, had a total of 20 items and 37 participants. This open-ended assessment, along with the literature review, helped in constructing the final multiple choice assessment. The TBIKT (Appendix A) had 43 items with an additional item about students\u27 source of knowledge about TBI. Applying Classical Test Theory and an internal consistency definition for reliability to data from 38 participants, we found that the TBIKT can provide reliable and valid measures of students\u27 knowledge and misconceptions about TBI. Students showed misconceptions in identifying physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms of TBI. This study also identified several misconceptions about TBI such as it is likely a TBI patient may wake up from the coma without any lasting effects , a TBI patient needs to take rest all of the time, even a little physical exercise may be harmful , and the patient can be completely cured if enough neurons are recruited to take over the loss of the damaged ones . Validity evidence and limitations of the TBIKT are discussed and suggestions for future studies are included

COVID-19 AND EDUCATIONAL SOLUTIONS (CASE STUDY AT AMUNTAI IUNS BOARDING SCHOOL)

The Slovenian philosopher, Slavoj Zizek, who believes that there are 3 groups of ways to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. First, he feels that it's normal, for example, not wearing masks, but schools will continue to be carried out and activities will continue as usual. The second group has schools that handle it on a strict scale, for example outsiders are not allowed to enter and insiders are limited if they go out because they are equipped with hand sanitizers, complete health protocols, keep a distance, the teaching process is limited and so on. As for the third group, who responded half-heartedly, school residents were allowed to go in and out of school, but the health protocols continued. This study uses a qualitative method with the type of case study research and data collection techniques of observation and in-depth interview. Education Solutions at the Ihya Ulumuddin Nur Syufiiyyah Islamic Boarding School during the covid-19 pandemic to reopen the cottage with education as usual. With the results of the solution actions that have been conditioned by the IUNS Islamic Boarding School, such as the first conditional restrictions other than the residents of the cottage are prohibited from entering the cottage and the residents of the cottage are limited to a few people, the second visiting students are given a distance of about 2 meters apart, the third Pondok residents must have information that they have been vaccinated, and so on. As for another solution, the IUNS COVID Task Force team in collaboration with PSC HSU conducts cross checks every day and checks temperature, blood and symptoms for 10 days until it is possible to see whether the change in symptoms persists or not. In addition, the health of students and female students is also considered

A New Method for the Isolation and Purification of Trigonelline as Hydrochloride from Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

بذور نبات الحلبه تحتوي على العديد من المواد الفعاله كالزيوت الثابته, القلويدات (أهمها الترايكونللين), المواد الصابونية , ومواد اخرى. ان فصل مادة الترايكونللين وهو الرئيسي في نبات الحلبة يعتبر معقدا وذلك لاحتواء نبات الحلبة على العديد من المواد الاخرى كمادة الكولين, والمادة الهلامية, والستيرويد الصابوني ومواد اخرى. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى عزل مادة الترايكونللين عن بقية المواد, والكولين من بذور الحلبة واللذان يشتركان في صفات فيزياوية وكيميائية متقاربة وبطريقة محورة عن الطريقة التقليدية. تم عزل المواد الدهنيه ( الزيوت الثابته) من بذور الحلبه باستعمال مذيب لاقطبي وبعدها تم استخلاص المواد الفعاله الأخرى من البذور عن طريق استخدام مذيبات مختلفة القطبيه تم عزل الترايكونللين بخطوات متعاقبة من التنقية قبل تنقيتها بشكل نهائي بواسطة تقنية الكروماتوغرافيا (غشاء الطبقة السميكة) والتعرف عليه من خلال كاشف دراجندروف و ماير, بالاضافه الى استخدام اجهزه مثل جهاز استشراب سائل عالي الأداء و مطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء وجهاز قياس درجة الانصهار. هذه الطريقة سريعة وملائمة للحصول على مادة ملح الترايكونيللين من بذور الحلبة.Separation of Trigonelline, the major alkaloid in fenugreek seeds, is difficult because the extract of these seeds usually contains Trigonelline, choline, mucilage, and steroidal saponins, in addition to some other substances. This study amis to isolate the quaternary ammonium alkaloid (Trigonelline) and choline from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella-foenum graecum L.) which have similar physiochemical properties by modifying of the classical method. Seeds were defatted and then extracted with methanol. The presence of alkaloids was detected by using Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents. In this work, trigonilline was isolated with traces of choline by subsequent processes of purification using analytical and preparative TLC techniques. Further identification was done by using HPLC, IR and MP. Pure Trigonelline was isolated from the seeds of Trigonella-foenum graecum excluding other alkaloid like choline. In this study, a new, fast and convenient method for isolation and purification of Trigonelline from fenugreek seeds has been established. Unlike other methods, this one excludes all the non-alkaloidal components from the fenugreek seeds extract

Design and Implementation of S-MARKS: A Secure Middleware for Pervasive Computing Applications

As portable devices have become a part of our everyday life, more people are unknowingly participating in a pervasive computing environment. People engage with not a single device for a specific purpose but many devices interacting with each other in the course of ordinary activity. With such prevalence of pervasive technology, the interaction between portable devices needs to be continuous and imperceptible to device users. Pervasive computing requires a small, scalable and robust network which relies heavily on the middleware to resolve communication and security issues. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of S-MARKS which incorporates device validation, resource discovery and a privacy module

Socio-Economic Indicators in Rural Pakistan: Some Evidence

This study attempts to quantify the inter-provincial and interdistrict differences among villages with respect to the availability of and access to certain crucial inputs and services which affect the level of living and even quality of life in rural areas.. Using the taxonomic method for rank ordering and clustering of regions, this comparative analysis should help in identifying the areas (provinces or districts) and activities (or services) in each area which may require immediate or special attention of policy makers and planners.

Smartphone-based Calorie Estimation From Food Image Using Distance Information

Personal assistive systems for diet control can play a vital role to combat obesity. As smartphones have become inseparable companions for a large number of people around the world, designing smartphone-based system is perhaps the best choice at the moment. Using this system people can take an image of their food right before eating, know the calorie content based on the food items on the plate. In this paper, we propose a simple method that ensures both user flexibility and high accuracy at the same time. The proposed system employs capturing food images with a fixed posture and estimating the volume of the food using simple geometry. The real world experiments on different food items chosen arbitrarily show that the proposed system can work well for both regular and liquid food items